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LiveTextAccess.

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Training for real-time
intralingual subtitlers.

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This is Unit 1.
Understanding accessibility.

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Element 1.
Basic concepts.

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This is part 2 of the video lecture
about accessibility, usability,

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and Universal Design.

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In part 1, we talked about
Universal design.

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Here, in part 2, we will define the terms
of accessibility and usability.

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My name is Rocío Bernabé Caro,

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from the Internationale Hochschule
SDI München, in Germany.

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I have prepared this video lecture
in collaboration with Piero Cavallo

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and the European Federation
of Hard-of-Hearing, in short EFHOH.

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On completion of this training sequence,
you will be able to explain the concepts

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and the differences between usability,
accessibility and Universal Design.

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In this second part
of the video lecture,

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we will discuss the concept
of accessibility and usability,

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and how they interbreed
and how they play a role 

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in the philosophy
of Universal Design.

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So, what is the difference
between accessible, usable

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and universally designed?

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Accessibility and Usability
are “abilities”,

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or characteristics of a product.

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Accessibility is the ability
of a product to be accessed,

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while Usability is the ability
of a product to be used.

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Products that have been designed
following the principles of Universal Design

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should be accessible
and usable for persons

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with the broadest range
of abilities and capabilities.

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However similar,

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these concepts of accessibility
and usability are not interchangeable.

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Moreover, they are 2 sides
of a coin.

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Accessibility is a prerequisite
to usability.

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If we cannot access a product,
or a building, or a text,

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we cannot use it.

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However, being accessible
does not always imply

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that a product can be used
for its intended purpose.

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For instance,

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if a video has subtitles,
but the font is too small,

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almost illegible,

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or the text is full of mistakes,

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the video will be accessible
but not usable.

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As we can see in this example,

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design plays a role in this equation.

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Let’s take a closer look
at these concepts.

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“Well-designed things
are more difficult to notice

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than things
that are poorly designed”.

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This is a statement
by Don Norman,

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a university professor
at the University of California.

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According to Don Norman,

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we often do not notice good design
because things are well designed

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and they fit our needs.

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Thus, we can say

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that the use of well-designed
products becomes easier.

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It is effective because we can reach
our goals without trouble,

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and even find it enjoyable.

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Conversely, bad design hinders us.

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It makes things difficult
or even impossible.

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It even upsets us.

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The illustration shows
a very badly-designed sign.

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Indeed, I still have not found out
if I should go to the right

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or to the left
to reach room number 104.

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Don Norman points out
that being a good designer

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means being a good observer
who finds ways to make a product “usable”.

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Don Norman illustrates with an image
what “usable” means.

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The cover of his book
“The Design of Everyday Things”,

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I can only recommend it,

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 shows a beautiful red teapot.

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The steam from the warm water raises
and the viewer’s desire

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to have a cup of tea is
more or less immediate.

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However, a closer look
at the handle and at the spout

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makes us realise
that we will never be able to pour

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that hot water into a cup

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because both handle and spout
are placed on the same side of the pot.

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Is the design of the teapot appealing?

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Yes, it is.

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Is it useable?

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Well, that is another story.

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This is what I mean
by “intended purpose”.

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If this teapot was designed
to be looked at;

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then the designer did a great job.

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However, if the teapot was meant
for making tea;

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the design failed.

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The International Organisation
of Internationalisation,

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ISO in short,

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defines usability

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in the Standard 9241-11: 2018.

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Allow me to read it aloud.

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Usability is: “The extent to which
a product can be used by specified users

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to achieve specified goals
with effectiveness, efficiency

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and satisfaction
in a specified context of use.”

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Interesting here [are]
the 3 dimensions of usability actually,

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namely, effectiveness efficiency
and satisfaction.

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We can say that usability describes
how well a product is designed

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so that it is effective, efficient,
or in other words, easy-to-use,

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and friendly to use,

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not difficult to use.

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The extent to which a person considers
a product usable is a personal estimation.

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This means
that we cannot buy "usability".

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Usability emerges in the interaction
of a person with a product,

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or a service,
or communication, you know.

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The degree of usability
of a product can be assessed

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by answering these questions.

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First; effectiveness.

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Can users achieve their goals?

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Efficiency.

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How much effort
does it require from users?

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And, finally; satisfaction.

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How easy to learn
and use is the product?

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This interplay between accessibility,
usability and design makes us realise

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that providing access
through subtitles

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implies conveying a message
that is usable by users.

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Real-time subtitlers can improve
the usability of their texts

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by asking themselves
just these questions before the job.

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First, who are the users
and their needs?

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And what level
of expertise do they have?

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Also, do I have,
as a real-time subtitler,

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the level of expertise needed?

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Another question would be:

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what are their goals,
the goals of the users?

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What do they want to achieve?

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How can subtitles help them
to achieve these goals?

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Lastly; the context.

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What specificities have the context?

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What problems may the users
of real-time subtitles face

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in these contexts?

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What type
of subtitling is called for,

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verbatim or sensatim?

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Video lectures from Element 2 and 3
of this Unit will enable you to know more

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about users and their needs

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and how to embed accessibility
in working settings.

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To recap, we can say that Universal Design
is a goal worthwhile pursuing.

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Designs that are for all not only
take into account accessibility

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and usability,

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but put target users
and their needs at the focus.

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Some say that design is an art.

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In this spirit, we could also say
that real-time subtitlers are artists

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of inclusive real-time communication.

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Do you see yourself as such?

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As for now, I say good-bye.

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Exercises.

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The exercises for these video lecture are
in the Trainer’s Guide for Unit 1,

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and in the PowerPoint presentation.

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LTA - LiveTextAccess.

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Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona.

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SDI - Internationale Hochschule.

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Scuola Superiore
per Mediatori Linguistici.

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2DFDigital.

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The European Federation
of Hard of Hearing People - EFHOH.

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VELOTYPE.

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SUB-TI ACCESS.

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European Certification
and Qualification Association - ECQA.

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Co-funded by the Erasmus+ Programme
of the European Union.

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Erasmus+ Project:
2018-1-DE01-KA203-004218.

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The information and views set
on this presentation

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are those of the authors

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and do not necessarily reflect
the official opinion

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of the European Union.

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Neither the European Union
institutions and bodies

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nor any person acting on their behalf

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may be held responsible
for the use

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which may be made
of the information contained here.